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PVC is a plastic everyone is trying to replace now due to toxicity of chlorine in the product. We were surprised to see the Okala mPts values were so low. Just wondering if you have any feedback on this?

By Philip White on May 31, 2009

First, let’s take a look at the values that Okala assigns to Polyvinyl chloride polymer (PVC), then I’ll comment on those results.

Material Unit Okala mPts. CO2 eq. lbs.
Polyvinl chloride (PVC) lb 50.402 1.962
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) lb 31.297 2.128
Polycarbonate (PC) lb 106.55 7.617

PVC is potentially problematic on a number of levels, as is discussed in the Okala design guide.

  1. Greenpeace claims (with no published evidence, to my knowledge) that dioxin is produced in the production of PVC and that dioxin is contained in PVC.
  2. The vinyl monomer is undoubtedly carcinogenic, but there is none of the vinyl monomer available in PVC.
  3. PVC can contain phthalates and lead as additives, which are toxic. These are problems created by the additives, not the PVC.
  4. The most significant problem with chlorine in the PVC occurs if the PVC is burned with other hydrocarbons (like wood or paper) below 700 degrees Centigrade. In these conditions, it can make Dioxins and Furans, which are highly toxic substances. Likewise, if a very small amount of salt or blood is burned with paper or wood, the same amount of dioxins are produced. If they are burned above the 700 degrees Centigrade, the dioxins are oxidized (destroyed).

That is my understanding of the problems of pure PVC and why the Okala impact values of PVC are not higher than you might expect. If the process inventory data showed dioxin (or vinyl monomer or lead or phthalate additives) being emitted in the production or use of the PVC, the values would be much higher. But the process inventory does not contain such emissions.

PVC is controversial, but I try to abide by the facts. Please let me know if you need any clarification on these points. Feel free to comment in the box provided below.

Comments

Posted by Tom Lent on Jun 14, 2009

I appreciate your effort to abide by the facts, but I would advise not to put too much trust in process inventory data for definitive determinations on toxic chemical releases from polymer life cycles. Industry-generated polymer life cycle data sets have a history of conveniently simply ignoring chemical flows such as dioxin that have significant uncertainties or political ramifications or both.

See my paper entitled "Toxic Data Bias and the Challenges of Using LCA in the Design Community" (http://www.healthybuilding.net/pvc/Toxic_Data_Bias_2003.html) for a discussion of this and other related phenomenon that can overwhelm LCA tools and lead them to results that have an appearance of precision but are completely misleading.

It is also instructive on this point to follow the history of the USGBC Technical Science Advisory Committee assessment of PVC which initially concluded based on standard LCA modelling and process inventories that PVC was not substantially different from a set of other materials assessed. But in the second round of assessment using a wider range of analytic tools and incorporating additional data that LCA misses or does not handle well, the conclusions changed substantively. Specifically they found that with the inclusion of end of life impacts not accounted for by LCA (accidental landfill fires and backyard burning), "the additional risk of dioxin emissions put PVC consistently among the worst materials for human health impacts."

While LCA tools and inventories can be highly useful for assessing energy and material flow related impacts, we have a long way to go before process inventories can provide reliable information for assessing the health impact of material life cycles.

Posted by Barbra Batshalom on Jun 12, 2009

The single aspect of the dialogue around "worst-in-class materials" that disturbs me most is the complete lack of discussion of Precautionary Principle.

We can talk about life cycle, science and measurable impacts, but we too often lose site of the ultimate goal, which is a world in which NO materials are toxic or create negative impacts of any kind. That goal can seem untenable, but the only way we can back out of the disasters we have created is to take practical steps and design our way out. Shooting too low won't get us there.

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